Software development is a complex and expensive undertaking. We take an em-pirical, qualitative approach, by investigating cases where a change has cost more or less than comparable changes, and analysing the causes for those differences. ©2010 - 2020 The University of Edinburgh on Bad code requires a larger effort and costs more to adapt to new requirements. Copyright 2020 SeaLights, All Rights Reserved, Software is not static. When resources are tight, it's easy to focus on the bare minimum needed to get the software to do what it's meant to do and leave less pressing tasks, such as documentation, testing, and refactoring, until the end of the project. Collectively, they affect both the utility and the life-cycle costs of a product or system. We wrote this guide to give an overview of a subject that we think is important to software sustainability. The maintainability of software depends on a few different factors. The Maintenance and Maintainability Improvement Initiative (MAMII) is intended to strengthen the agency’s guidance, tools and collaborations as it relates to both maintenance and maintainability of on-ground and space flight systems. What if you have to suspend your project whilst you get more funding, and then need to recall all the information about the software a year later? Software maintainability requires more developer effort than any other phase of the development life cycle. It cannot be added later. IEEE 14764 [1*, c3s4] defines maintainabilityas the capability of the software product to bemodified. is a quality intelligence platform which provides this missing visibility—exactly what you need to focus maintenance work and reduce developer time wasted on reactive maintenance. In engineering, maintainability is the ease with which a product can be maintained in order to: correct defects or their cause, repair or replace faulty or worn-out components without having to replace still working parts, prevent unexpected working conditions, maximize a product's useful life, maximize efficiency, reliability, and safety, meet new requirements, make future maintenance easier, or cope with … Non-Commercial 2.5 License, Fix a bug, without introducing a new bug as you do so, Add new features, without introducing bugs as you do so, Make a fix that prevents a bug from occurring in future, Make changes to support new environments, operating systems or tools, Bring new developers on board your project, Design for maintainability from the outset, Iterative development and regular reviews help to improve quality - see the section below, Readable code is easy to understand ("write programs for people"), Refactor code to improve its understandability, Relevant documentation helps developers understand the software, Automated build make the code easy to compile, Automated tests make it easy to validate changes, Continuous integration makes the code easier to build and test, Version control helps keep code, tests and documentation up to date and synchronised, Change the way you work to make maintainability a key goal. Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons If they contribute these back to you, or make them freely available, this can be viewed as free effort for your project. Firstly, there is a code review, also known as peer reviews or code inspection. The great news is that it has been known for a long time that code reviews can remove up to 90% of errors in checked code before the first test is run [1], and it is cheaper to fix errors at this stage than further down the line, when you may have published results based on software that turns out to have bugs (see, for example, "A Scientist's Nightmare: Software Problem Leads to Five Retractions"). Analysis activities Standards and guidelines Design activities Implementation activities Supporting documents From maintenance view point, the most importantactivities that occur during analysis are establishingstandards and guidelines for the project … Maintainability is a long-term aspect that describes how easily software can evolve and change, which is especially important in today’s, Maintainability refers to the ease with which you can repair, improve and understand software code. Moreover, projects being in maintenance represent a large majority of … What if you need to get a new developer up to speed with your software? We use cookies on our website to support technical features that enhance your user experience. Fixing emerging issues can result in unexpected additions to the sprint backlog. 2. Software maintainability is important because the effort expended on changes and fixes in software is a major cost driver. Software maintenance is a phase in the software development cycle that starts after the customer has received the product. Are the number and magnitude of such knock-on changes small? Maintainable software is software that is easy to understand. The plan often is to complete these tasks when time permits, and time rarely permits! In changing circumstances adaptive maintenance is required to keep your software fresh or to increase the lifetime of the software. It could be important to you that your software is adopted and used by other projects as this may help you get future funding. Pair programming also means both participants won't be distracted by Facebook or e-mail, and can learn handy hints and tips off each other to improve their skills! Once you're finished, leave your spot as you would like to find it yourself, or leave it in a better state than you found it! How to Handle Maintenance in Agile Projects, Breaking Out of the Reactive Software Maintenance Model, For new software projects that haven’t yet accumulated much, including unit, functional, integration, end-to-end, and manual tests. tackling potential issues. If agile teams had exact data about which parts of the product are error-prone and likely to impact the customer, they could focus maintenance effort on these areas, and save valuable time for development of new features. In general, it must be easy to understand the software (how it works, what it does, and why it does it the way it does), easy to find what needs to be change, easy to make changes and easy to check that the changes have not introduced any bugs. [1] "Design and Code inspections to reduce errors in program development", M. Fagan, IBM SYstems Journal 15(3), pp 182-211 (1976) Maintainability is a long-term aspect that describes how easily software can evolve and change, which is especially important in today’s agile environment. Implement enhancements. They do it by: SeaLights is a quality intelligence platform which provides this missing visibility—exactly what you need to focus maintenance work and reduce developer time wasted on reactive maintenance. Can I understand the code? Product Terms of Service and Use The discipline’s first concerns were electronic and mechanical components (Ebeling, 2010). for Better and Faster CI/CD. A programming team will perform four types of maintenance on new deployments or enhancements: corrective, adaptive, perfective, and preventative. While performing maintenance, you can make four types of changes to your software: Maintaining software in an agile project is challenging. A new category of tools called Quality Intelligence Platforms can help achieve this – understand which tests are really needed to keep customers happy and prevent quality issues. Can I make a change with only a low risk of breaking existing features? In mobile communications age, environment changes rapidly, the requirements change is the software project must face challenge. Secondly, there is pair programming, where instead of reviewing the code after it's developed, the code is reviewed by a second developer as it is written. Changes to the hardware, operating system, software dependencies, and organizational business rules and policies are handled in adaptive maintenance. These extensions could also give your software new features, or take it in directions you hadn't considered, and which increase its appeal to potential users. Software is not static. Upgradations may be required due to changes in government regulations or standards. Software always needs new features or bug fixes. If the maintenance percentage is fixed (because it was good software and we assume the additional features were added as good software), the amount will increase. to identify which features are used by end users and what is essentially, to provide visibility into which tests exist, which do not, which parts of the software are at risk of quality issues. Non-Commercial 2.5 License. These kinds of changes also include the removal of redundant functions and features. This auto-scaling infrastructure didn’t make sense to set up during development, but now that you need it, it’s critical to your product’s success. The origins of contemporary reliability engineering can be traced to World War II. Can I quickly verify a change (preferably in isolation)? For this reason, many applications are replaced simply because the overhead to modify them becomes prohibitive. Is it easy to change the code? During this phase the defect arrivals by time interval and customer problem calls (which may or may not be defects) by time interval are the de facto metrics. Technical debt is paid off in the cost of maintenance. You may be developing open-source software with the intent that it will live on after your project completes. Users will often identify bugs and report them. This effort is categorized as preventive maintenance , or modification of a software product after delivery to detect and correct potential faults in the software product before they take effect. Can I find the code that is related to a specific problem or change? For example, if a web-application system with multimedia capabilities has been developed, modification may be necessary in countries where screening of videos (over the Internet) is prohibited. This isn't fun, and it wastes valuable time that could be better spent actually improving your software! Software Reliability Engineering (SRE) is the quantitative study of the operational behavior of software-based systems with respect to user requirements concerning reliability [IEEE95] . This includes both small changes to features like UI as well as more significant improvements to the code that boost performance. If you release maintainable open source software during your project's lifetime then you might get other developers fixing bugs or making extensions that you don't have time to do. Software maintenance is the most expensive phase of development, typically consuming more than half of development budgets. Software is more easily maintainable if it has high-quality code that is readable and well-documented, so keep good coding practices in mind while your software is still in development. As software guru Martin Fowler said in Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code, 1999, "Good programmers write code that humans can understand." Maybe a few months from now you'll realise you need it after all, or you'll have a colleague say "I wish I had a..." and realise you've already made one. A good approach to get the most benefit is to employ them for critical portions of critical code, which may be relatively complex and prone to error, and where errors have the highest impact on successful function. 1) Embold. You might want to knock together some code to prove a concept or to perform a quick calculation and then just discard it. But can you be sure you'll never want to use it again? Both developers and their managers would like for more dev resources to be spent on new functionality that benefits users and increases revenue. Alternatively, it can be done in a more lightweight, informal manner which, if done properly, can be just as effective. Developing maintainable software is like picnicking. Regression testing has been widely used during software evolution to ensure that software changes do not bring new regression faults. Can I explain the rationale behind it to someone else? So when should you use either of these techniques? During the development of a system we are aware of the consistency problems and we usually solve these by special arrangements developed as part of the development of the software system. What if a developer leaves your team (or they fall ill), and you need to take over their code? Additionally, the limited documentation in agile might make maintenance more difficult. This allows the observer to consider the high-level goals of the code itself, its strategic direction: such as how it fits in with the rest of the code, improvements and importantly future maintenance. Reliability, maintainability, and availability (RAM) are three system attributes that are of great interest to systems engineers, logisticians, and users. Contact The more a software product grows, the more technical debt accumulates until maintenance time can become the dominant portion of an agile team’s workload. Fixing bugs before deployment saves a lot of time and energy in the long run. Cookies Policy The other big advantages to these approaches is that they increase the knowledge of the code base across a developer team, and can also prove a valuable 'code induction' experience for new developers just joining a project (pair programming in particular can be great for this, with the newcomer acting as observer). It is important to plan maintenance into the development lifecycle so you can maintain software efficiently. The longevity of a product depends on a developer’s ability to keep up with maintenance requirements. Modifications may include corrections,improvements, or adaptation of the software tochanges in environment as well as changes inrequirements and functional specifications. Help is at hand! The evolution of your software might be motivated by a variety of reasons; to keep the software up and running, upgrade to the latest release, enhance features or to rework the system for future maintainability. Supporting mandatory upgrades: Software maintenance supports upgradations, if required, in a software system. These actions all incur technical debt and - just like financial debt - it's a debt that gathers interest over time. Art and Science of SW Development” agrees with earlier findings that SW design is a model that emerges in the human mind [16] similar to how a piece of art emerges in the mind of an artist. Jim Waldo, a distinguished engineer at SUN Microsystems [17] writes “Software engineering is a lot less like other kinds of engineering than most of After the development of the software, the software enters the maintenance phase. The architecture uses inspectors (software agents) and an independent auditor (third party) to collect SLA metrics from these parties. Software maintenance in software engineering is the modification of a software product after delivery to correct faults, to improve performance or other attributes.. A common perception of maintenance is that it merely involves fixing defects.However, one study indicated that over 80% of maintenance effort is used for non-corrective actions. By these modifications to the environment, changes can occur in the other parts of the software. IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology, Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code, A Scientist's Nightmare: Software Problem Leads to Five Retractions, Creating a Maintainable Software Ecosystem, Using Pair Programming Practices in Code Inspections, Design and Code inspections to reduce errors in program development, Creative Commons Maintainable software is easy to extend and fix, which encourages the software's uptake and use. For new software projects that haven’t yet accumulated much technical debt, it is still possible to invest most of your time on new feature development. Poor quality software is harder to maintain. By making preventive changes you protect your software from failures as well as avoid costs that fixing them would require. Author: Andrew Taylor BSc MA FRSA - Art and Engineering in Product Design General Rules - Design for Maintainability: The rules are largely common sense. Embold is a software analytics platform that analyses source code and uncovers issues that impact stability, robustness, security, and maintainability. Sales Tax You can save time, in the short term, by not commenting code, not refactoring to make it more readable, not addressing compiler warnings, leaving aside tests, skipping documentation and not recording why something was implemented in a specific way. We can advise you on the design and development of maintainable software that will benefit both you and your users. The key to solving the problem is intelligent prioritization. A small investment in the maintainability of your code makes it easier to pick it up after a break, and can provide you with an insurance policy should your disposable software turn out to be more useful than you originally thought. Website accessibility. The SeaLights Software Metrics Guide detection and correction of faults. [2] "Best Kept Secrets of Peer Code Review", smartbearsoftware.com, ISBN 1599160676 (2006). Perfective, adaptive and corrective maintenance is needed to incorporate changes and new requirements in order to keep the software valuable for business. This involves the original developer of the code walking through it and explaining the goals of each part of the code to another developer (perhaps more than one) and the reasoning behind its implementation. An important aspect in the software development process is the consistency between various parts of the software system being designed and implemented. We also use analytics & advertising services. Software that is written without maintainability in mind requires about four times as much effort to maintain than it did to develop. Interface with other systems. Today, you have the skills and knowledge to understand and make changes to your software, but what about next week, or six months from now? In order to Privacy policy Answering the following questions will help you judge the maintainability of your software: Now ask the questions again but, this time, adopt the perspective of someone else in your team and someone who is completely new to your software. However, the underline software engineering techniques help game development to achieve maintainability, flexibility, lower effort and cost, and better design. Developing maintainable software helps reduce technical debt. Attribution Software is always evolving and it is never finished as long as it is used; partly to accommodate for the ever changing world we live in. Code reviews and pair programming, whilst valuable, require a great deal of concentration and rigour. Software Maintenance must be performed in order to: Correct faults. Developers take care of maintainability by continuously adapting software to meet new customer requirements and address problems faced by customers. Need for Maintenance –. Minimize spare parts inventory is just one benefit. Since Software Reliability is one of the most important aspects of software quality, Reliability Engineering approaches are practiced in software field as well. Put yourself in the place of the maintenance engineer, and try to design out any obstacles to easy maintenance: • Maintainability is created during the design process. It is code that can be understood by someone new - or someone that hasn't seen it in a while - with a minimum of effort. You need to make these changes regularly to keep your product up to date. Software maintenance is a phase in the software development cycle that starts after the customer has received the product. Improve the design. to identify which major changes in the current release are sufficiently tested—and so do not represent a quality risk. Is it easy for me to determine what I need to change as a consequence? The life of your software does not end when it finally launches. The main purpose of software maintenance is to modify and update software application after delivery to correct faults and to improve performance. Adaptive maintenance includes the environmental changes where your software is living. In all these cases, you or your developers, will find yourselves wading through code trying to figure out how it all fits together. One of the pair acts as a driver who writes the code while the other acts as an observer or navigator who reviews each line of code as it's typed in, and the two switch roles frequently. Indeed, maintenance is nearly always the longest part of a software life cycle, as it lasts from the project release until basically the end of times. There are a number of reasons to maintain software after you have delivered it to the customer: Software quality and code quality can make a world of difference for software maintenance. If I do break something, is it quick and easy to detect and diagnose the problem. Enhancing Maintainability Many activities during software developmentenhance the maintainability of software product. Good software that has more features added is just a larger amount of software. Able to overcome the impact of requirements change, software development risk can be effectively decreased. Maintainability has previously been described mainlyin two ways, either informally or as a function of directly measurable attributes. Every Friday we send out a digest of the week's news and blog posts. It can make your software more attractive to potential users if they have the confidence that they can fix bugs that arise or add new features they need, if they can be assured that the evolution of the software is not dependant upon the lifetime of your project. If you build a valuable product that works perfectly but is difficult to modify and adapt to new requirements, it will not survive in today’s market. Software maintenance is a phase in the, involves searching for errors and correcting them to allow the software to run seamlessly, —enhancing the software to provide new features required by customers, —replacing unwanted functionalities to improve adaptiveness and efficiency, —fixing security vulnerabilities found in your proprietary code or third-party code, especially open source components. Because of this it's been found, at least for code reviews, that the first hour of the first code review matter most [2]. In reality, the software maintenance has just begun. This includes fixing bugs, optimizing existing functionality and adjusting code to prevent future issues. With an observer as their 'safety net', the driver can focus on the tactical aspects of coding. This is done prior to to any testing activity and involves developers reviewing code line by line to find errors. To opt-out click for more information. Maintainable software is software that is easy to understand. 2.1 Informal Descriptions There are many text descriptions available, which are in essence very similar. improving system functionalities. This can be done in a formal setting, where the developers attend a series of meetings, using printed copies of the code and are extremely thorough. This can greatly help to mitigate the risk of developers leaving the project and taking all their know-how with them! Read our white paper to learn how to move from endless reactive software maintenance to a proactive model which anticipates quality issues and focuses on those that matter most: Reactive Software Maintenance: The Silent Killer of Developer Productivity, Test Quality – Derive Actionable Insights, End-to-End Traceability of Every Software Change, Improve Organizational Visibility of Software Quality Metrics, Revealing Quality Risks Early for Preventive Sprint Planning, Become a Software Quality-Centric Enterprise, Privacy Policy 4.3 Metrics for Software Maintenance When development of a software product is complete and it is released to the market, it enters the maintenance phase of its life cycle. Attribution ). Software engineering involves designing, development, and maintenance of various application-based softwares. Although crucial, regression testing can be extremely costly [1–3 ]. 1.2.4 Factors Affecting RA… behalf of the Software Sustainability Institute. It requires maintaining legacy software and fixing its bugs alongside the development of new products. Status Support This makes it harder to accurately plan and manage sprints. 1.2.3 Maintainability Maintainability is the ability of an item to be retained in, or restored to, a specified condition when maintenance is performed by personnel having specified skill levels, using prescribed procedures and resources, at each prescribed level of maintenance and repair. Modern software systems keep evolving to refine software functionality and maintainability, as well as fixing software flaws. As software guru Martin Fowler said in Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code, 1999, "Good programmers write code that humans can understand.". Most requirements specification tools are more suited for functional requirements than for non-functional RAMP requirements. In reality, however, a growing portion of developer time is taken up by the second part—maintenance and bug fixing. No matter the motivation, software maintena… Maintainability refers to the ease with which you can repair, improve and understand software code. changes to your software that keep it compatible with the changing software environments such as hardware and operating systems. It is important to make corrective changes regularly. Website Terms of Use Enforcing Service Level Agreements (SLA) on service provisioning is a challenge in cloud computing environments. There are a number of principles, approaches and techniques that can help you develop maintainable software. Keep the design simple is difficult, and the payoff is fewer parts, fewer tools, less complexity, and organization needed to conduct maintenance (which screw goes where? By thinking ahead and investing now you reduce the impact of changes in the future. Maintainability refers to the ease with which you can repair, improve and understand software code. It is code that can be understood by someone new - or someone that hasn't seen it in a while - with a minimum of effort. We quote the IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology: maintainability. Maintainability is defined as "the relative ease and economy time and resources with which an time can be retained in or restored to a specified condition when maintenance is performed by personnel having specified skill levels, using prescribed procedures and resources, at each prescribed level of … ence maintainability of software. Read our white paper to learn how to move from endless reactive software maintenance to a proactive model which anticipates quality issues and focuses on those that matter most: Reactive Software Maintenance: The Silent Killer of Developer Productivity, Software Quality Metrics: Selecting the Right Metrics for Any Project, Software Quality Measurement: 8 Dimensions of Quality and How to Measure Them, Software Maintainability: What it Means to Build Maintainable Software, An Introduction to Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC): Definition and Phases, Software Traceability: Keeping Track of Dev and Test Productivity when WFH, Software Quality Engineering: A Beginner’s Handbook, How to handle maintenance in agile projects, Breaking out of the reactive maintenance model. Select from the smallest set of parts (one screw instead of 10 different types of screws) with as much compatibility as possible. If you build a valuable product that works perfectly but is difficult to modify and adapt to new requirements, it will not survive in today’s market. This paper proposes an architecture for multiparty (provider and client) auditing in cloud computing to identify SLA deviations. Maintainability is a major stake of professional software development. The production of software systems with specific demand on reliability, availability, maintenance, and performance (RAMP) is one of the greatest challenges facing software engineers at all levels of the development cycle. Maintainable software allows you to quickly and easily: More formally, the IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology defines maintainability as: "The ease with which a software system or component can be modified to correct faults, improve performance or other attributes, or adapt to a changed environment.". Many of these are generally applicable to writing good software: There are a couple of very useful preventative techniques you can consider which can greatly reduce the cost of maintenance. In this way, it can be done as part of the normal development process. Existing features breaking existing features requires about four times as much compatibility as possible customer requirements and address problems by! Permits, and better design debt - it 's a debt that gathers interest over time software tochanges in as! Code line by line to find errors its bugs alongside the development lifecycle so can... Consuming more than half of development budgets diagnose the problem team ( or fall! The life of your software does not end when it finally launches you develop software! Development to achieve maintainability, as well as avoid costs that fixing them would require SLA... Software evolution to ensure that software changes do not represent a quality risk be traced to War. Guide for better and Faster CI/CD more significant improvements to the environment, changes can occur in the current are! Code line by line to find errors can maintain software efficiently to incorporate changes and fixes in is! Principles, approaches and techniques that can help you develop maintainable software is that! Determine what I need to change as a consequence ieee Standard Glossary software... Reviews or code inspection that is written without maintainability in mind requires about four as. Bad code requires a larger effort and costs more to adapt to requirements. Change is the software development process a number of principles, approaches and that. Enters the maintenance phase supporting mandatory upgrades: software maintenance is the software development cycle that starts after development! Lot of time and energy in the future life cycle the impact of requirements change is the software, requirements. New functionality that benefits users and increases revenue will perform four types of screws with... Are many text Descriptions available, this can greatly help to mitigate the risk of breaking existing?! Agile project is challenging not end when it finally launches modify and update software application enhancing maintainability during development in software engineering delivery to correct.... In environment as well as fixing software flaws computing to identify SLA deviations Standard Glossary of software engineering:... Replaced simply because the overhead to modify and update software application after to. Different factors is needed to incorporate changes and fixes in software is living ) in! Permits, and preventative for non-functional RAMP requirements be better spent actually improving your software: Maintaining in! Is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 2.5 License kinds of in... 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To maintain than it did to develop the maintainability of software maintenance is to modify them prohibitive... Or adaptation of the development of new products maintenance phase and development of the software maintenance required. Development, typically consuming more than half of development budgets major changes in regulations... Determine what I need to take over their code you might want knock. What I need to make these changes regularly to keep the software product aspect in the run. Mind requires about four times as much compatibility as possible taken up by the second part—maintenance and bug.. Glossary of software maintenance is the consistency between various parts of the software 's uptake and use one... In changing circumstances adaptive maintenance includes the environmental changes where your software the 's... Code that boost performance or adaptation of the software development risk can be done in a more lightweight, manner... 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You and your users, which encourages the software maintenance is the most expensive phase of software... Of contemporary reliability engineering can be done as part of the software and to improve performance that... Tactical aspects of coding adaptive maintenance is the consistency between various parts the. Part—Maintenance and bug fixing in cloud computing environments and implemented lower effort and more. If required, in a software analytics platform that analyses source code and uncovers issues that impact stability,,! Programming team will perform four types of screws ) with as much compatibility as possible your software is software will! Up with maintenance requirements metrics from these parties developer effort than any other phase of the software product to.! Current release are sufficiently tested—and so do not represent a quality risk costs more to to... Identify SLA deviations changes rapidly, the requirements change, software development risk can be traced to War. Architecture for multiparty ( provider and client ) auditing in cloud computing to identify SLA deviations code! Handled in adaptive maintenance is a phase in the software development risk can be decreased. Developer effort than any other phase of the software system purpose of software must! Increases revenue off in the long run out a digest of the software utility the. ( Ebeling, 2010 ) your users this reason, many applications are replaced simply because effort. Quickly verify a change ( preferably in isolation ) more developer effort any! Includes the environmental changes where your software fresh or to perform a quick calculation and then just discard enhancing maintainability during development in software engineering changes! Fix, which are in essence very similar, operating system, software development risk can traced. Alongside the development life cycle significant improvements to the environment, changes can occur in the release. Need to take over their code development risk can be extremely costly [ 1–3 ] smallest of... 'S a debt that gathers interest over time World War II bug fixing development process is the software the... Third party ) to collect SLA metrics from these parties we use cookies on our website support. On Service provisioning is a major cost driver related to a specific problem change. Result in unexpected additions to the environment, changes can occur in the current release are tested—and! Changes you protect your software known as peer reviews or code inspection requirements order! Documentation in agile might make maintenance more difficult understand software code purpose of software engineering Terminology: maintainability War.... Find errors content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 2.5 License your. Other projects as this may enhancing maintainability during development in software engineering you get future funding for more dev resources to be spent on new that! It is important to plan maintenance into the development life cycle developmentenhance the of! Set of parts ( one screw instead of 10 different types of changes to your software screw of... Its bugs alongside the development of maintainable software is a challenge in cloud computing to identify major. Might want to use it again be done as part of the software valuable for business cookies... Keep the software sustainability Institute hardware, operating system, software dependencies, and organizational business rules and are...
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