Billboard viewership estimates were provided by the billboard owners and social media views were calculated by the communication team. In the interest of brevity, for this report "raccoon rabies" is used to mean rabies caused by the raccoon variant rabies virus, whether the disease is present in raccoons or another species. Raccoons are a top vector for rabies and its transmission to humans. An epizootic curve for the outbreak is shown in Figure 1. In 2013, Hamilton Public Health Services was one of six health units in Ontario that helped form a community One Health committee. This was the first case of raccoon rabies in the province since 2005 and the first case of raccoon rabies ever recorded in southwestern Ontario. Members of the committee met with local veterinary professionals, animal control services and representatives from other agencies to discuss diseases prevalent in both humans and animals, and share information about various environmental risk factors. Rabies management in Ontario 3rd ed. 2012) in eliminating raccoon rabies that spread north through ORV zones in the United States. The map and table below identify areas where positive rabies cases have been found, using information reported by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Chapter 2: Rabies virus. Rabies – Scientific basis of the disease and its management. In the following 19 months, raccoons with rabies were identified in areas surrounding Hamilton including Niagara Region, Brant County, Halton Region and Haldimand–Norfolk. Using data extrapolated from a temporal clustering of raccoon rabies cases in Ontario, the incubation period was estimated at a mode of approximately 5 weeks (Tinline et al., 2002). In 2016, raccoon rabies was identified in Niagara for the first time. The baits were distributed by hand in urban areas, by helicopter in large urban green spaces and by fixed-wing aircraft in surrounding rural areas across the enhanced surveillance area. Background: Raccoon rabies is caused by a variant of the rabies virus found in raccoons but transmissible to other mammalian species, including humans. Posted: Dec 06, 2015 9:47 AM ET | Last Updated: December 7, 2015. Five or more animals tested positive for raccoon rabies every month between December 2015 and June 2017, with an average of 18 animals per month (range 5–30). The rabies outbreak first surfaced in December 2015 after a raccoon picked up by City of Hamilton Animal Services tested positive for the virus. Ontario has also long been at risk for the incursion of raccoon strain rabies, which is widespread in the northeastern United States, with cases occurring in northern and western New York state along the border with Ontario. First, it’s important to note that rabies is relatively rare. The viruses circulating just across the border in New York state, where raccoon rabies has been endemic since the late 1990s, were phylogenetically very distinct from those responsible for the Hamilton outbreak, supporting the conclusion that this epizootic represents a long-distance translocation into the areaFootnote 10. Bat strain rabies is an ongoing concern in the province. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/animals/terrestrial-animals/diseases/reportable/rabies/rabies-in-canada-2014/eng/1424879193262/1424879195231, Trewby H, Nadin-Davis SA, Real LA, Biek R. Processes underlying rabies virus incursions across US-Canada border as revealed by whole-genome phylogeography. Seventeen billboards at multiple locations across Hamilton were estimated to have been viewed over 8 million times during a 12-week period. This is the first time Ontario has had a positive case of raccoon rabies since September 2005, although cases have continued to show up in bordering New York State. While the rabies outbreak was mostly confined to raccoons, the reservoir species for this virus variant, there was significant cross-species transmission of the raccoon virus ("spillover") into striped skunks, as well as some spillover into other species, including two cats, a red fox and a llama (Table 1). The One Health approach to the raccoon rabies outbreak in Ontario is summarized in Table 3. It attacks the brain and spinal cord of warm-blooded animals, including humans. Hanlon CA, Childs JE. On top of that they are prey species for larger mammals including; coyotes, foxes, dogs, wolves, great horned owls, and humans. The source of this outbreak was explored by comparing the whole-genome sequence of two virus isolates from Hamilton with a large database of raccoon variant rabies virus genomes from across the eastern US. Raccoon rabies originally emerged in the state of Florida in the 1940s, spreading to the Mid-Atlantic states in the 1970s. The Strategy to Eliminate Raccoon Rabies in Ontario July 14, 2018 by Bill Dowd Rabies is a common virus among wild species across the world, which affects animals once passed through blood, bodily fluids, bites, and scratches. The animals that most often transmit rabies in Ontario are bats, foxes, skunks and raccoons. Thankfully, this is becoming more and more a rare occurrence throughout Canada. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017;250(10):1117-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.250.10.1117, Smith DL, Waller LA, Russell CA, Childs JE, Real LA. Of these, 251 (74%) were from the area around Hamilton. 2019 Jul;55(3):645-653. doi: 10.7589/2018-09-216. Nadin-Davis SA. The Origins of the Rabies Outbreak. Continued collaboration is necessary to again eliminate raccoon rabies from Ontario. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2000;49(2):31-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10680602?dopt=Abstract, Wandeler AI, Salsberg EB. Attempting to remove a raccoon on your own is against regulations and this is for good reason. Despite proactive measures to prevent raccoon rabies entering Canada from the United States, several incursions of this disease have occurred. Ontario racoon tests positive for rabies Issued: Thursday, December 17, 2015. San Diego: Elsevier Inc; 2013. pp. 123-77. Niagara Region Public Health says so far in 2020, three raccoons have tested positive for rabies. Cases were identified through different processes, depending on whether people or domestic animals had been potentially exposed to the suspect animal or the suspect animal was identified through other surveillance activities. A multi-agency report entitled “ Raccoon Rabies Outbreak in Hamilton, Ontario: A Progress Report ” cites the rabies outbreak’ origins as a long-distance translocation into the area from New York. In the northern part of their range they are subjected to long winters, but their adaptability has enabled them to thrive in locations such as Ontario, Canada. The Ministry of Natural Resources has dropped about 220,000 raccoon baits in the area in a bid to quash an outbreak of raccoon rabies in the Hamilton, Ont., … In addition, Hamilton Public Health Services in conjunction with local veterinarians held two rabies vaccination clinics for domestic cats and dogs in September 2016 and April 2017. These are Ontario’s first raccoon rabies cases since 2005. In December 2015, MNRF implemented enhanced rabies surveillance in an area extending 50 kilometers beyond where all diagnosed cases were found, with weekly testing of sick or found-dead animals with no known human or domestic animal contact, using a direct rapid immunohistochemical test (dRIT)Footnote 8. Below is an updated geographical depiction of number of raccoon strains of rabies in Ontario up to February 2019. As a result, Hamilton Public Health Services had well-established relationships in place before the identification of this epizootic, which helped in the rapid implementation of the raccoon rabies response. It attacks the brain and spinal cord of … Once signs of rabies appear, in any animal, the disease is fatal. Such actions may contribute to earlier detection of new rabies incursions. Surveillance for rabies in Canada is based on a passive model whereby only suspect animals that have potentially exposed people or domestic animals are tested for rabies. More raccoons infected with rabies have been found in Hamilton in Ontario's first outbreak of that strain of the virus in a decade. Wunner WH, Conzelmann KK. Raccoon rabies is a strain of rabies spread mainly by raccoons, although other animals can have the same type of rabies. Hamilton Public Health Services sent out medical advisories informing primary care providers about the raccoon rabies epidemic and the criteria for rPEP and created an educational video on rPEP administration. Rabies and Other Diseases. Assessing the role of long-distance translocation and spatial heterogeneity in the raccoon rabies epidemic in Connecticut. San Diego: Elsevier Inc; 2013. pp. That is, raccoons are known to carry rabies, and they have a specific variant of the disease named after them. http://www.onehealthglobal.net/what-is-one-health/, Middel K, Fehlner-Gardiner C, Pulham N, Buchanan T. Incorporating direct rapid immunohistochemical testing into large-scale wildlife rabies surveillance. Preparing for and responding to recent incursions of raccoon rabies variant into Canada. The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry responded with an intensive program of point infection control and vaccination, resulting in the elimination of raccoon strain rabies … The last rabid skunk reported in Ontario was in 2016 near Stratford. Chapter 3: Epidemiology. Raccoon rabies outbreak in Hamilton, Ontario: A progress report. Rabies in Ontario. It has a high affinity for neural tissue and causes death through encephalomyelitisFootnote 1. These are Ontario’s first raccoon rabies cases since 2005. No new cases of rabies detected this week (November 25, 2020). A removal specialist can deter any attacks from rabid raccoons and can safely remove the animals from your home. Of these, 326 (4.89%) were identified by dRIT and confirmed by fluorescent antibody testing and subsequent variant typing as positive for raccoon rabies (Table 2). On the other hand, statistics for cases of distemper are much higher within or without the raccoon populations. 2009) and Quebec, Canada (Mainguy et al. Much of this is due to Ontario regulations related to wildlife removal. Much of this is due to Ontario regulations related to wildlife removal. On top of that they are prey species for larger mammals including; coyotes, foxes, dogs, wolves, great horned owls, and humans. Ontario was declared to be free of raccoon rabies strain in 2005. Once symptoms appear, rabies is almost always fatal. Animal vaccination was one of the main strategies in minimizing the spread of raccoon rabies, particularly through oral vaccination of raccoons and skunks. The outbreak of raccoon rabies in southwestern Ontario is by far the largest to have occurred in Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 2017;23(9):1454-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2309.170325, Birhane MG, Cleaton JM, Monroe BP, Wadhwa A, Orciar LA, Yager P, Blanton J, Velasco-Villa A, Petersen BW, Wallace RM. The Hamilton Public Health Services developed the "Rabies is Real" public awareness campaign, requesting people to stay away from wild animals; report dead or strangely behaving animals to local animal services; contact public health if they are bitten or scratched by an animal; and to get their pets vaccinated. One of the primary animals to carry rabies throughout the country is indeed the raccoon. Raccoons are one of the most successful carnivore species in North America, occupying a variety of habitats (Rosatte 2000). Although these animals can be a particularly enraging nuisance, never approach a raccoon. This was the first case of raccoon rabies in the province since 2005 and the first case of raccoon rabies ever recorded in southwestern Ontario. We thank all the staff at Hamilton Public Health Services, MOHLTC, OMAFRA, MNRF Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section and the CFIA Rabies Laboratory in Ottawa who contributed to the rabies response activities. The decision to test a suspect animal that had potentially exposed domestic animals alone to rabies was made by OMAFRA, typically in collaboration with the exposed animal's veterinarian. Between December 2015 and June 2017, MNRF distributed over 1.7 million baits containing ONRAB® (live adenovirus vector AdRG 1.3) oral rabies vaccine during campaigns in December 2015, spring 2016 and fall 2016. A raccoon will almost always lash out and attack when it feels threatened, this is how human beings contract rabies. Incursions of raccoon rabies from neighbouring US states into New Brunswick (2000–2002; 64 cases) and Quebec (2006–2009; 104 cases) were similarly eliminatedFootnote 6. Hamilton Public Health Services continues to work with Community Veterinary Outreach, which provides pet care for people facing financial pressures, to offer rabies vaccination at a lower cost so pets and people are protected from rabies. However, genetic analysis of the virus circulating in Hamilton demonstrated that a simple cross-border spread was not the source of this outbreak. Eventually this rabies variant converged with the southern variant in North Carolina. When raccoons were introduced overseas in Europe and Asia, several cultures adopte… It was successfully eliminated in 2005 with Ontario being declared free of raccoon rabies in September 2007Footnote 6. Epub 2019 Jan 8. A further complication of this urban rabies outbreak lies in the large populations of potential spillover hosts, such as dogs and cats, further raising concern for an increased risk of transmission to humans. In Ontario, the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care (MOHLTC) provides guidance and support for the local management of suspected rabies exposure, local rabies contingency plans and legislation around rabies immunization. Ontario (Rosatte et al. Keep your trash bins strapped and sealed and consult a raccoon removal specialist to remove the animals from your property. Viral variants are viral populations that are maintained in specific host reservoirs in a geographic area and are distinct from other viral populations that may be located in the same area or that have diverged from a common viral ancestorFootnote 2. The raccoon had been tested because it had been in a fight with two unvaccinated domestic dogs. However, the decrease in the monthly number of cases and in the percentage of animals testing positive suggests that the epizootic may be decreasing in intensity. Raccoons recently captured in the Hamilton and Haldimand-Norfolk areas have tested positive for rabies. Another unique feature of this response was that there was no single "lead" organization; the response was shared with each organization leading the part that was within their mandate. An additional 12 cases were identified during this time from samples submitted by MOHLTC or OMAFRA. Such surveillance helps delineate the extent of the outbreak, which informs management decisions regarding oral vaccination zones as well as public health risk determinations. The disease caused by the raccoon variant rabies virus is indistinguishable from rabies caused by other variants. Introduction of raccoon rabies into Canada in the past has typically resulted from cross-border spread and thus the viral variants on either side of the US–Canada border were very similar. These measures include immunizing rac-coons along selected border areas of eastern Ontario and the Niagara peninsula in efforts to maintain population immunity [3]. The most common rabies carriers in Canada are raccoons, with 50 confirmed cases in southwestern Ontario in 2018. As such, key public health messages include encouraging vaccination of all dogs and cats and avoidance of contact with stray animals that are unlikely to be vaccinated. In 2019, a total of five animals tested positive for the rabies virus: a dog, a bat, a racoon, and two skunks. Between December 2015 and June 2017, MNRF tested 6,685 animals (wildlife species with no known human or domestic animal exposure) using dRIT. As reported by the Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry: We are reporting 1 new case of raccoon rabies in one skunk in Niagara (Welland) (September 9, 2020). 1999;40(10):731. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17424571?dopt=Abstract, Stevenson B, Goltz J, Massé A. Unlike other nations in North America, the Canadian government has done a thorough job of passing regulations throughout provinces concerning the removal and control of wild animals. Other animals also carry rabies in Canada. The One Health approach applies a coordinated, collaborative, multidisciplinary and cross-sectoral effort to address potential or existing risks that originate at the animal–human–ecosystems interfaceFootnote 7. No matter what behavior a raccoon is exhibiting, it is crucial to call a raccoon removal specialist at the first sighting of a raccoon invasion within your yard. a local rabid raccoon). Rabies is a disease spread by the bite or scratch of an infected animal. Investigation and Results: Representatives from local, provincial and federal agencies collectively activated a raccoon rabies response that involved policy updates, enhanced surveillance, a public education campaign and mass vaccination of wildlife and domestic animals. The "Rabies is Real" campaign was launched in September 2016. This is despite expectations of rabies incidence in Niagara before the St. Lawrence based on the progression of rabies from New York. These data also speak to the utility of going beyond a passive surveillance model to include the testing of animals found dead or exhibiting clinical signs consistent with rabies, regardless of the history of exposure to humans or domestic animals. Conclusion: This outbreak of raccoon rabies is by far the largest to have occurred in Canada and the first raccoon rabies outbreak documented in a densely populated urban area. In: Jackson AC, editor. Campaign banners at 46 different transit shelters were estimated to have had over 13 million views over an 8-week period. Viral genome sequencing determined that this epizootic was likely caused by long-distance translocation from the United States. A confirmed case of raccoon rabies was defined as an animal testing positive for rabies using the fluorescent antibody test together with virus typing methods utilizing either monoclonal antibody panels or sequencing to identify the raccoon variant. At least four individuals are receiving treatment due to contact with the raccoons. From the initial finding of the positive raccoon in Hamilton, the numbers increased from 2015–16, but have been declining since. Rabies – Scientific basis of the disease and its management. Close collaboration and active communication were essential to coordinate activities and work towards one common overall goal of eliminating raccoon rabies in Ontario. Rabies vaccine bait identification The Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry July 2020 The Ultra-lite vaccine bait, ONRAB®, is used in Ontario for both fox strain and raccoon strain rabies control. In 2019, there were 65 cases of rabies confirmed in Ontario. A collaborative approach involving numerous stakeholders in the public and private sectors has been instrumental in addressing this epizootic. These are Ontario’s first raccoon rabies cases since 2005. We are currently at  480  cases of raccoon strain, and  21  cases of fox strain rabies in Ontario to date. Ontario racoon tests positive for rabies Issued: Thursday, December 17, 2015. Rabies virus is a Lyssavirus in the family Rhabdoviridae. According to the Canadian government, “Since reporting began in 1924, a total of 25 people in six provinces have died of rabies in Canada.” This represents a history of rabies throughout Canada, but the great thing about this number is how small rabies cases are throughout Canada recently due to tightly controlled regulations. Still, there are instances where bats (the number one carrier of rabies) can attack raccoons and this makes the problem potentially dangerous for humans since raccoons frequent yards and homes in search of food. Raccoons are classed as rabies vector species (RVS). Ontario instituted rabies control programs more than 20 years ago, and in the summer of 2015 distributed more than 100,000 baits containing rabies vaccine. It describes the control measures undertaken to curb the spread of the epizootic and the collaborative One Health approach used by the many agencies involved in the response. 2006). The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry believes the rogue raccoon hitchhiked its way into the province, possibly on the back of a tractor trailer. Ontario. Update: Raccoon rabies epizootic – United States and Canada, 1999. Compared to 2015, there was a 52% increase in the number of people who received rPEP in and around Hamilton in 2016 (Figure 2). The animals that most often transmit rabies in Ontario are bats, foxes, skunks and raccoons. Between December 2015 and June 2017, 338 animals tested positive for raccoon rabies in Ontario. 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